What Is The Ethnic Makeup Of Great Britain

Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales: 2011

Nosotros focus on the increasing ethnic multifariousness within England and Wales. Whilst the bulk of the population gave their ethnic group as "White" in the 2011 Census, results from the past xx years testify a decrease, falling from 94.ane% in 1991 down to 86% in 2011. London was establish to be the virtually ethnically diverse area, while Wales was the least diverse.

one. Key points

England and Wales has become more ethnically diverse with ascension numbers of people identifying with minority indigenous groups in 2011. Despite the White ethnic group decreasing in size, it is however the majority indigenous group that people identify with

• White was the majority ethnic group at 48.2 1000000 in 2011 (86.0 per cent). Inside this ethnic group, White British^ane was the largest grouping at 45.one million (80.5 per cent)

• The White ethnic group deemed for 86.0 per cent of the usual resident population in 2011, a decrease from 91.3 per cent in 2001 and 94.i per cent in 1991

• White British and White Irish decreased betwixt 2001 and 2011. The remaining indigenous groups increased, Whatever Other White background had the largest increment of 1.1 million (1.viii percentage points)

• Beyond the English language regions and Wales, London was the most ethnically diverse expanse, and Wales the least

• 91.0 per cent of the usual resident population identified with at least one Uk national identity (English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, and British) in 2011

Notes for key points

1. White British census tick box is labelled as 'White English/Welsh/Scottish/Northern Irish gaelic/British.

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2. Animated YouTube video

A podcast explaining this story using sound commentary and graphical animations is available on the ONS YouTube aqueduct at the ONS YouTube channel.

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3. Ethnicity in England and Wales

The 1991 Census start introduced a question on ethnic group to enable private and public organisations to monitor equal opportunities /anti-bigotry policies and to plan for the futurity through resource allocation and provision of services.

Figure 1: Ethnic groups, England and Wales, 2011

Source: Census - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

1. Excludes White British (eighty.5 per cent)

The majority of the usual resident population, 48.2 million people (86.0 per cent of the population), reported their ethnic group as White in the 2011 Census. Inside this indigenous group, White British was the largest, with 45.1 million people (80.5 per cent), followed by Any Other White¹ with 2.v 1000000 people (4.4 per cent).

Indian was the adjacent largest ethnic grouping with i.4 1000000 people (2.v per cent) followed by Pakistani (2.0 per cent). This is consistent with demography findings on international migration , which found that Southward Asian countries (India, Pakistan and People's republic of bangladesh) continued to rank highly within the most common not-UK countries of nativity. The remaining ethnic groups each accounted for upwardly to ii per cent of the population in 2011.

There were two new tick boxes in the 2011 Demography: Gypsy or Irish Travellerⁱⁱ and Arab. Arab accounted for 240,000 usual residents (0.four per cent of the population). Gypsy or Irish Traveller accounted for 58,000 usual residents (0.1 per cent of the population), making information technology the smallest ethnic category (with a tick box) in 2011.

Notes for ethnicity in England and Wales

1. See 'Measuring ethnicity' for information on 'Other' indigenous grouping categories.

2. In previous censuses, such respondents may have placed themselves in an 'other' category.

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4. Changing pic of ethnicity over time

Over the last two decades England and Wales became more ethnically diverse. Caution is needed when comparison census ethnic information over the yearsⁱ due to changes and increases in tick boxes and changes to how the question was worded (change from cultural to ethnic groundwork).

While White continued to be the bulk ethnic group people identify with, it decreased over the last two decades. In 1991, the White ethnic group² deemed for 94.i per cent of the population. Between 1991 and 2001, the White ethnic group decreased to 91.3 per cent. The trend continued between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses, with a further decrease to 86.0 per cent. Inside the White ethnic group, White British had decreased from 87.five per cent in 2001 to 80.5 per cent in 2011.

Figure 2: Ethnic Groups, 2001 – 2011, England and Wales

Source: Census - Office for National Statistics

Notes:

1. Comparability bug exist betwixt these indigenous groups for the 2001 and 2011 Demography
2. No comparable data exists for these indigenous groups in 2001 Census

While the broad White indigenous group decreased over the final two decades, the remaining minority indigenous groups connected to rise since the 1991 Census³.

Test of the detailed minority ethnic groups shows how ethnic diversity in England and Wales has changed.

• The Whatever Other White category had the largest increase beyond the ethnic groups, with an increment of one.ane million (i.8 percentage points) between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses. This includes people with Poland⁴ every bit a land of nativity, who were the second largest group of non-UK born residents in 2011 and increased by 0.v million (a nine-fold increment) between 2001 and 2011.

• The Asian/Asian British ethnic group categories had some of the largest increases betwixt the 2001 and 2011 Censuses. People identifying equally Pakistani and Indian each increased by around 0.4 1000000 (0.5 per centum points and 0.vi percent points respectively).

• The remaining ethnic groups⁵ each showed pocket-sized increases of up to i per cent.

These trends are consequent with data from other sources⁶ which show a decline in the White ethnic group and an increment in minority indigenous groups. There are many factors driving changes in ethnic group distribution including births, deaths, migration and country of nascence. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) will explore this further every bit part of its assay programme of the census.

Notes for changing moving picture of ethnicity over time

1. See Census Comparability Report for farther details.

2. The 1991 Demography only had 'White' as a response, no detailed categories for 'White' were available.

3. Not all categories volition exist comparable – See Demography Comparability Report for further details.

4. Poland joined the Eu in May 2004 giving resident the rights to free motility and employment in the Britain.

5. The repositioning of Chinese tick box from Other category to Asian / Asian British category, and the introduction of the Arab category means in that location is a loss of comparability between 2001 and 2011 data for Chinese and other indigenous group.

6. Source: Annual Population Survey. See 'Measuring ethnicity' for farther details.

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five. Ethnicity across the English language regions and Wales

Effigy 3: Ethnic groups by English regions and Wales, 2011

Source: Census - Office for National Statistics

Download this chart Figure 3: Ethnic groups past English regions and Wales, 2011

Prototype .csv .xls

Across the English regions and Wales, London was the almost ethnically diverse area, with the highest proportion of minority ethnic groups and the lowest proportion of the White indigenous grouping at 59.8 per cent, in 2011. The West Midlands was the 2d nearly diverse with White indigenous group at 79.2 per cent.

• London had above average proportions for most minority ethnic groups including African (7.0 per cent), Indian (6.half dozen per cent), and Caribbean area (4.ii per cent). It also had the highest incidence of Whatever Other White at 12.6 per cent.

• While White British was the bulk ethnic group in London, it had the everyman per centum of White British across England and Wales at 44.9 per cent.

• The West Midlands had a higher than average percentage of minority indigenous groups: Pakistani at four.1 per cent, Indian at 3.ix per cent and Caribbean at 1.5 per cent. It also had a lower than average White ethnic grouping at 82.seven per cent and White British at 79.2 per cent.

Across the English regions and Wales, Wales was the least diverse area, followed by the Due south Due west and Northward East. Over 95 per cent of the population identified every bit White in these areas.

• Within the White ethnic group, the North East had the highest per centum of White British at 93.half dozen per cent, followed by Wales at 93.ii per cent and the South West at 91.8 per cent.

• Wales had the lowest percentage of minority ethnic groups, with the bulk at 1 per cent and below (excluding Any Other White at 1.8 per cent).

Ethnically diverse areas, such as London, had the greatest proportional changes since the 2001 Census, while areas such as Wales, which are the least diverse, had the smallest proportional changes. London had the greatest changes beyond the majority of the ethnic groups between the 2001 and 2011 Censuses. While White British decreased past 14.9 percent points, Any Other White and Any Other Asian had increased by 4.four and 3.0 per centum points respectively. The West Midlands also displayed significant changes across the ethnic groups: White British decreased by 7 percentage points and Any Other White, and Caribbean increased by 1.3 pct points. Wales and the North East had the smallest changes across the bulk of the ethnic groups, with White British decreasing by 2.8 percentage points and all other ethnic groups increasing by less than a 1 percentage betoken.

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6. Differences in ethnicity across local authorities

The largest indigenous groups in England and Wales were White British at 80.v per cent, followed by Any Other White at 4.four per cent and Indian at 2.5 per cent, in 2011. When you examine these ethnic groups for local authorities, these proportions tin differ dramatically.

Table ane: Local authorities with the highest and everyman proportion of White British, Whatsoever Other White and Indian ethnic groups

Download this tabular array Table 1: Local authorities with the highest and lowest proportion of White British, Any Other White and Indian indigenous groups

.xls (28.2 kB)

The local authorities reporting the highest percentage of White British were in the regions of North West and N Eastward.

• Redcar & Cleveland and Allerdale had the highest proportions at 97.6 per cent each.

• The everyman proportions of White British were found in the London boroughs of Newham (16.7 per cent) and Brent (18.0 per cent).

• Outside London, Slough had the lowest pct of White British at 34.5 per cent.

Forest Heath (East of England) was the merely local potency to encounter an increase in White British between 2001 and 2011 (past 0.8 percentage points). The proportion of White British decreased in the remaining local authorities in England and Wales, with the largest decrease in Barking and Dagenham at 31.four percentage points.

The areas with the highest percentage of those who identified with Any Other White groundwork were in London.

• Kensington & Chelsea had the highest proportion at 28.9 per cent, followed past Westminster at 24.ane per cent and Haringey at 23.0 per cent.

• The lowest proportion of Whatever Other White was found in Redcar & Cleveland (Northward E) at 0.6 per cent and Torfaen (Wales).

Boston (E Midlands) had the highest increase of Whatsoever Other White between 2001 and 2011 at eleven.4 percentage points, while Forest Heath (East of England) had the largest decrease at 2.8 per centum points.

Local authorities with the highest pct of those reporting to be Indian were in Leicester in the East Midlands and Harrow in London with 28.3 per cent and 26.iv per cent respectively. Oadby & Wigston (East Midlands) had the largest increment in Indian ethnic group between 2001 and 2011 at half dozen.three percent points. Ealing (London) had the largest subtract at ii.3 percentage points.

People identifying with new tick boxes Gypsy or Irish Traveller and Arab represented merely a small-scale proportion of the usual resident population and were concentrated in certain areas in England and Wales. The highest proportion of people who identified as Gypsy or Irish Traveller were found in the South East and Eastward of England with Basildon, Maidstone, Swale, Fenland and Ashford all at 0.v per cent. Two London boroughs had the highest proportion of people who identified as Arab, Westminster at 7.2 per cent and Kensington & Chelsea at iv.1 per cent.

An interactive map is available for users to explore all ethnic groups further at the local potency level.

2011 Demography - Ethnicity - Interactive map - http://www.ons.gov.united kingdom/ons/interactive/census-map-two-one---ethnicity/index.html

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vii. National identity in England and Wales

The 2011 Census introduced a question on national identity for the first time. This was due to an increased interest in 'national' consciousness and demand from people to acknowledge their national identity. National identity is multi-dimensional, and then the 2011 Census respondents were immune to tick more than one national identity. 91.0 per cent of the population identified with at to the lowest degree ane United kingdom national identity (English, Welsh, Scottish, Northern Irish, and British).

• English identity (either on its ain or combined with other identities) was the most mutual identity respondents chose to associate with, at 37.six million people (67.one per cent). English equally a sole identity (not combined with other identities), was chosen past 32.4 one thousand thousand people (57.7 per cent).

• British identity (either on its own or combined with other identities) was a common identity chosen by 16.3 million people (29.1 per cent). ten.7 million people (xix.one per cent) associated themselves with a British identity only.

• Welsh identity (either on its own or combined with other identities) was chosen by 2.four million people (four.three per cent). two 1000000 people (3.7 per cent) associated themselves with a Welsh only identity.

A small percentage of people in England and Wales associated themselves with a Scottish or Northern Irish gaelic identity (1.0 per cent and 0.three per cent respectively). 5.v million people (9.viii per cent) said they had a national identity which was classed as 'Other'.

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viii. Geographic distribution for national identity

Figure four: National identity, England and Wales, 2011

Source: Census - Role for National Statistics

Notes:

1. Percentages will not round to 100 per cent as respondents could tick more than one national identity

Download this chart Figure 4: National identity, England and Wales, 2011

Image .csv .xls

A person's national identity can depend on many factors such every bit where they live, country of nascency and ethnicity. For instance, 70.one per cent of people residing in England associated themselves with an English identity (on its own or combined with other identities) and 65.9 per cent of people in Wales said they were Welsh (on its own or combined with other identities). Other interesting findings were:

• The highest percentage of the population with an English identity (on its own or combined with other identities) was plant in the North Due east at fourscore.5 per cent, an area with a high White population.

• The highest percentage of the population with a British identity (on its own or combined with other identities) was found in London at 38.three per cent, an ethnically diverse area. London also had the highest percentage of people associating with an Other national identity (26.iv per cent) and the lowest with an English identity (43.vii per cent).

• The overall pct of people identifying as Cornish (on its ain or combined with other identities) in England and Wales was low at 83,000 people (0.1 per cent). However, within Cornwall 13.8 per cent of the population associated themselves with a Cornish identity.

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ix. Measuring ethnicity

The England and Wales census outset asked the ethnic group question in 1991. The ethnic grouping question provides information on the population's ethnic characteristics which tin be used by private and public organisations to monitor equal opportunities and anti-bigotry policies, and to plan for the hereafter through resource resource allotment and informing provision of services. Since 1991 the number of tick boxes has grown from nine to 18 in 2011, with some changes to tick box labels, placement and question instructions. Changes to the questionnaire were fabricated to improve data collection and accuracy of the results, some improvements will affect straight comparability of 2011 and 2001 statistics.

• The re-positioning of the 'Chinese' tick box from 'Any other ethnic group' to Asian/Asian British: The 'Asian other' and 'Asian' populations will not be comparable betwixt 2001 and 2011. It is advised against presenting information in a combined Asian category. Instead the more detailed sub-groups should be used to allow comparability. At that place may be some impact on responses to the 'White and Asian' tick box nether the 'Mixed/multiple ethnic groups' category.

• New tick box 'Gypsy or Irish gaelic Traveller': Respondents may take identified in 2001 as 'British', 'Irish' or 'Any other White background' but instead utilize the new tick-box to identify every bit 'Gypsy or Irish Traveller' in 2011.

• New tick box Arab: Data from the 2001 Census suggested that many British Arabs ticked one of the 'Other' categories.

Comparisons are fabricated in this short story with the 2001 Census ethnicity data where responses are comparable to 2011 Census. Further details of comparisons between the question in 2001 and 2011 tin can be found in the comparability report.

The listing of tick-boxes had been designed to enable the majority of the population to identify themselves in a manageable way. It wasn't possible to include a carve up tick-box for all ethnic groups, therefore a tick-box with a write-in option for 'Any Other' groundwork was provided inside each of the v categories. This would ensure that minority groups were non excluded as they could write in their response. Some examples of what could exist found within the written responses of the 'Any Other' indigenous groups could include:

• 'Whatever Other White' - Smooth and Greek,

• 'Whatsoever Other Mixed' - Blackness British and White Asian and White and Black African,

• 'Any Other Asian' – Korean and Japanese,

• 'Any Other Black' - Black American and Black European,

• 'Any Other ethnic group'- Polynesian and Melanesian,

It is important to annotation that assumptions should not be fabricated almost a particular ethnic group, in that location are some people in indigenous minorities that could (or wish to) belong nether any of the 'Other' categories.

Comparability with other sources

The Annual Population Survey is an ONS sample survey which as well asks a question on indigenous group and follows similar trends to the census ethnic group question. Comparisons with the census should exist treated with caution for methodological reasons. Between 2005 and 2010, respondents who identified as White vicious from 89.8 per cent to 87.6 per cent, while Asian or Asian British increased from 4.9 per cent to six.1 per cent. The remaining minority ethnic groups had increases of between 0.ane per cent to 0.iv per cent between 2005 and 2010.

Measuring national identity

The 2011 Census introduced a new question on national identity. National identity is a subjective cocky-identifying measure which may or may not relate to a person's indigenous group or country of birth. The question ('How would y'all describe your national identity?') allows respondents to limited which country/nation they feel almost affiliated to. National identity is multi-dimensional, then the 2011 Census question allows respondents to tick more than 1 national identity.

Ethnicity and national identity is an of import defining characteristic of a person's identity. Collecting data on ethnicity and identity complements other questions on people's religious affiliation and language to provide a detailed film of the society nosotros live in, and how information technology is irresolute.

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10. More Census analysis

Census Assay landing page

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Source: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/ethnicity/articles/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales/2012-12-11

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